The philosophy of Confucius—Confucianism—emphasized personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice, kindness, and sincerity. La citation la plus célèbre de confucius est : « Exige beaucoup de toi-même et attends peu des autres. The two sources together yield the names of 96 disciples. “Life is really simple, but we insist on making it complicated.” – … [21] The Ji family held the position "Minister over the Masses", who was also the "Prime Minister"; the Meng family held the position "Minister of Works"; and the Shu family held the position "Minister of War". [32]. He had made powerful enemies within the state, especially with Viscount Ji Huan, due to his successes so far. Confucius (/kənˈfjuːʃəs/ kən-FEW-shəs; Chinese: 孔夫子; pinyin: Kǒng Fūzǐ, "Master Kǒng"; 551–479 BCE) was a Chinese philosopher and politician of the Spring and Autumn period who was traditionally considered the paragon of Chinese sages. According to the Zuozhuan, Confucius returned home to his native Lu when he was 68, after he was invited to do so by Ji Kangzi, the chief minister of Lu. Sans principes communs, ce n'est pas la peine de discuter. The father-to-son family tree, now in its 83rd generation,[86] has been recorded since the death of Confucius. Since that time there have been many portraits of Confucius as the ideal philosopher. In the 20th century, this tradition was interrupted for several decades in mainland China, where the official stance of the Communist Party and the State was that Confucius and Confucianism represented reactionary feudalist beliefs which held that the subservience of the people to the aristocracy is a part of the natural order. "Confucianism: An Overview". Carvings often depict his legendary meeting with Laozi. [24] Creel (1949) states that, unlike the rebel Yang Hu before him, Gongshan may have sought to destroy the three hereditary families and restore the power of the duke. In time, their writings, together with the Analects and other core texts came to constitute the philosophical corpus of Confucianism. This Fellow’s Got a Good Idea. [97] Bryan Sykes, professor of genetics at Oxford University, understands this decision: "The Confucius family tree has an enormous cultural significance," he said. Il existe 238 citations célèbres de confucius. The Han dynasty Records of the Grand Historian records that it had already become a place of pilgrimage for ministers. This demanded that the subordinates must advise their superiors if the superiors are considered to be taking a course of action that is wrong. [52] Confucius considered his students' personal background irrelevant, and accepted noblemen, commoners, and even former criminals such as Yan Zhuoju and Gongye Chang. Choisissez un travail que vous aimez et vous n'aurez pas à travailler un seul jour de votre vie. [55], Yang Hu, who was a subordinate of the Ji family, had dominated the Lu government from 505 to 502 and even attempted a coup, which narrowly failed. [29] Thereafter, the heads of the three families and the duke retreated to the Ji's palace complex and ascended the Wuzi Terrace. Li Si, Prime Minister of the Qin dynasty, convinced Qin Shi Huang to abandon the Confucians' recommendation of awarding fiefs akin to the Zhou Dynasty before them which he saw as being against to the Legalist idea of centralizing the state around the ruler. Subsequent generations of students built on his initial formulations to develop one of the … L'homme de bien est droit et juste, mais non raide et inflexible ; il sait se plier mais pas se courber. Confucius Quote - Old Age, Believe Me, Is A Good And Plea... Old Age, Believe Me, Is A Good And Pleasant Thing. The duke indulged himself in pleasure and did not attend to official duties for three days. Celui qui ne progresse pas chaque jour, recule chaque jour. [22] Thus, that year (501 BCE), Confucius came to be appointed to the minor position of governor of a town. Ne parlez jamais de vous, ni en bien, car on ne vous croirait pas, ni en mal car on ne vous croirait que trop. A good example is found in this famous anecdote: By not asking about the horses, Confucius demonstrates that the sage values human beings over property; readers are led to reflect on whether their response would follow Confucius's and to pursue self-improvement if it would not have. [23] Although the Meng and Shu families unsuccessfully besieged Hou, a loyalist official rose up with the people of Hou and forced Hou Fan to flee to the Qi state. In former times, it was customary to have a portrait in Confucius Temples; however, during the reign of Hongwu Emperor (Taizu) of the Ming dynasty, it was decided that the only proper portrait of Confucius should be in the temple in his home town, Qufu in Shandong. [52] Most of them came from Lu, Confucius's home state, with 43 recorded, but he accepted students from all over China, with six from the state of Wey (such as Zigong), three from Qin, two each from Chen and Qi, and one each from Cai, Chu, and Song. [26] However, Dubs (1946) is of the view that Gongshan was encouraged by Viscount Ji Huan to invade the Lu capital in an attempt to avoid dismantling the Bi fortified walls. The southern branch remained in Quzhou where they live to this day. Confucius serves not as an all-powerful deity or a universally true set of abstract principles, but rather the ultimate model for others. Since Confucius’ teachings and philosophy was so advanced, it was the education for China for 2,000 years. In Lo-Yang, he studied the traditions and customs of the Chou Empire. His original name was K'ung Ch'iu; he is also known by the style name of K'ung Chung-ni. Que l'on s'efforce d'être pleinement humain et il n'y aura plus de place pour le mal. [36] The original tomb erected there in memory of Confucius on the bank of the Sishui River had the shape of an axe. The oldest known portrait of Confucius has been unearthed in the tomb of the Han dynasty ruler Marquis of Haihun (died 59 BCE). Confucius, sage considéré comme le premier « éducateur » de la chine est un philosophe chinois né le 28 septembre 551 av. [21] However, by the summer of 501 BCE, the three hereditary families had succeeded in expelling Yang Hu from Lu. 3. [87] Of these, several tens of thousands live outside of China. Le sage est calme et serein. The last holder of the title, Kung Te-cheng of the 77th generation, was appointed Sacrificial Official to Confucius. One of his sons, Kong Lingjie 孔令傑 married Debra Paget[85] who gave birth to Gregory Kung (孔德基). [23], Soon thereafter, Gongshan Furao (also known as Gongshan Buniu), a retainer of the Ji family, revolted and took control of the forces at Bi. [20]. Under the duke were three aristocratic families, whose heads bore the title of viscount and held hereditary positions in the Lu bureaucracy. [83]Famous descendants include actors such as Gong Yoo (real name Gong Ji-cheol (공지철)) & Gong Hyo-jin (공효진); and artists such as male idol group B1A4 member Gongchan (real name Gong Chan-sik (공찬식)), singer-songwriter Minzy (real name Gong Min-ji (공민지)), as well as her great-aunt traditional folk dancer Gong Ok-jin (공옥진). Lisez le TOP 10 des citations de Confucius pour mieux comprendre sa vie, ses actes … One of the deepest teachings of Confucius may have been the superiority of personal exemplification over explicit rules of behavior. Le sage a honte de ses défauts, mais n'a pas honte de s'en corriger. Because of the huge interest in the Confucius family tree, there was a project in China to test the DNA of known family members of the collateral branches in mainland China. La nature fait les hommes semblables, la vie les rend différents. In his life, Zhu Xi was largely ignored, but not long after his death, his ideas became the new orthodox view of what Confucian texts actually meant. He expressed fears that the masses lacked the intellect to make decisions for themselves, and that, in his view, since not everyone is created equal, not everyone has a right of self-government. While not a national holiday, it does appear on all printed calendars, much as Father's Day or Christmas Day do in the Western world. Confucius's teachings were later turned into an elaborate set of rules and practices by his numerous disciples and followers, who organized his teachings into the Analects. [102], The teaching Confucius. According to the Confucius Genealogy Compilation Committee (CGCC), he has two million known and registered descendants, and there are an estimated three million in all. During the Tang and Song dynasties, Confucianism developed into a system known in the West as Neo-Confucianism, and later New Confucianism. Confucius (551–479 BCE) is the Latinized name of Kong Qiu, best known in Chinese as Kongzi (Master Kong). Confucius is widely considered as one of the most important and influential individuals in human history. L'importance attachée aux rites lui donne l'aspect d'une religion. Qiū. He died from natural causes. [55] As a likely consequence, it was after this that the first disciples of Confucius were appointed to government positions. [5] Confucius's clan name was 孔, OC:*‍kʰˤoŋʔ, mod. When the Confucian advisers pressed their point, Li Si had many Confucian scholars killed and their books burned—considered a huge blow to the philosophy and Chinese scholarship. [29] The rebels were pursued and defeated at Gu. [96] The aim of the genetic test was the help members of collateral branches in China who lost their genealogical records to prove their descent. The … Le silence est un ami qui ne trahit jamais. Je vois et je me souviens. Agissez envers les autres comme vous aimeriez qu'ils agissent envers vous. In … Many people honored all of Confucius’ work by building temples in every city in China to honor Confucius. Retrouvez toutes les phrases célèbres de Confucius parmi une sélection de + de 100 000 citations célèbres provenant d'ouvrages, d'interviews ou de discours. If they be led by virtue, and uniformity sought to be given them by the rules of propriety, they will have the sense of the shame, and moreover will become good." [16] His mother would later die at less than 40 years of age. Virtuous action towards others begins with virtuous and sincere thought, which begins with knowledge. Confucius was a teacher, scholar and minor political official whose commentary on Chinese literary classics developed into a pragmatic philosophy for daily life. Rappelle-toi que ton fils n'est pas ton fils, mais le fils de son temps. Réfléchir sans apprendre est dangereux. Une petite impatience ruine un grand projet. [16] At age 19 he married Qiguan (亓官), and a year later the couple had their first child, their son Kong Li (孔鯉). One of his teachings was a variant of the Golden Rule, sometimes called the "Silver Rule" owing to its negative form: Often overlooked in Confucian ethics are the virtues to the self: sincerity and the cultivation of knowledge. [72][73] The Hanlin Academy rank of Wujing boshi 五經博士 was awarded to the southern branch at Quzhou by a Ming Emperor while the northern branch at Qufu held the title Duke Yansheng. After Confucius's resignation, he began a long journey or set of journeys around the principality states of north-east and central China including Wey, Song, Zheng, Cao, Chu, Qi, Chen, and Cai (and a failed attempt to go to Jin). [19], In Confucius's time, the state of Lu was headed by a ruling ducal house. For these reasons, according to many commentators, Confucius's teachings may be considered a Chinese example of humanism. The picture was painted on the wooden frame to a polished bronze mirror.[59]. [30] At least one of the two officers was a retainer of the Ji family, but they were unable to refuse the orders while in the presence of the duke, viscounts, and court. He is said to have worked in various government jobs during his early 20s, and as a bookkeeper and a caretaker of sheep and horses, using the proceeds to give his mother a proper burial. After he died, a large number of myths and legends grew up around his name, making difficult an accurate description of the historical Confucius. A virtuous disposition without knowledge is susceptible to corruption, and virtuous action without sincerity is not true righteousness. "It's not just a scientific question. In times of division, chaos, and endless wars between feudal states, he wanted to restore the Mandate of Heaven (天命) that could unify the "world" (天下, "all under Heaven") and bestow peace and prosperity on the people. [23] In 500 BCE, Hou Fan—the governor of Hou—revolted against his lord of the Shu family. Despite repeated dynastic change in China, the title of Duke Yansheng was bestowed upon successive generations of descendants until it was abolished by the Nationalist Government in 1935. La citation la plus courte de confucius est : « Celui qui sait obéir saura ensuite commander. If the descent were truly unbroken, father-to-son, since Confucius's lifetime, the males in the family would all have the same Y chromosome as their direct male ancestor, with slight mutations due to the passage of time. [5][6], It is thought that Confucius was born on September 28, 551 BCE,[7][8] in Zou (鄒, in modern Shandong province). Neo-Confucianism held sway in China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam until the 19th century. Download Citation | Voltaire's view of Confucius | For Voltaire, who was a representative Sinophile in France during the age of Enlightenment, Confucius was the core of his Sinophilia. Le problème des hommes, c'est qu'ils négligent leur propre champ pour aller ensemencer celui des autres. While pursuing one's own self-interest is not necessarily bad, one would be a better, more righteous person if one's life was based upon following a path designed to enhance the greater good. … [51] The Han dynasty historian Sima Qian dedicated a chapter in his Records of the Grand Historian to the biographies of Confucius's disciples, accounting for the influence they exerted in their time and afterward. Records of the Historian, written by Ssu-ma Chi’en (born 145 B.C. [21] In the winter of 505 BCE, Yang Hu—a retainer of the Ji family—rose up in rebellion and seized power from the Ji family. They were honored with the rank of a marquis 35 times since Gaozu of the Han dynasty, and they were promoted to the rank of duke 42 times from the Tang dynasty to the Qing dynasty. [22], Confucius desired to return the authority of the state to the duke by dismantling the fortifications of the city—strongholds belonging to the three families. Confucius. Pas trop d'isolement ; pas trop de relations ; le juste milieu, voilà la sagesse. Zhòngní, the "Zhòng" indicating that he was the second son in his family. In more recent times both Chinese and We… He explained that this is one of the most important analects: "If the people be led by laws, and uniformity sought to be given them by punishments, they will try to avoid the punishment, but have no sense of shame. [27] Zhong You was one of the disciples of Confucius and Confucius had arranged for him to be given the position of governor by the Ji family. His moral teachings emphasized self-cultivation, emulation of moral exemplars, and the attainment of skilled judgment rather than knowledge of rules. Confucianism, the way of life propagated by Confucius (6th–5th century BCE) and followed by the Chinese people for more than two millennia. [18], Confucius was born into the class of shi (士), between the aristocracy and the common people. Les utiles : un ami droit, un ami fidèle, un ami cultivé. Les principaux disciples de Confucius sont nommés les douze Philosophes et honorés dans les temples confucéens. Confucius asserts that virtue is a mean between extremes. Agis avec gentillesse, mais n'attends pas de la reconnaissance. Vous allez recevoir un mail avec un lien de connexion automatique. On doit aimer son prochain comme soi-même ; ne pas lui faire ce que nous ne voudrions pas qu'il nous fît. All over the world he is regarded as one of the wisest and greatest teachers who has ever lived. Not strictly religious, the teachings of Confucius were a utilitarian approach to social harmony and defined moral obligations between individuals and social systems. Il est généralement appelé Kongzi par les Chinois, ce qui signifie « Maître Kong » et a été latinisé en Confucius par les Jésuites. Thus an outcome of yì is doing the right thing for the right reason. He lived during the ‘Spring and Autumn Period’ which was a turbulent period in Chinese history when China was not a single united country, but was made up of several smaller states, who were constantly at … Posthumous portrait by, Last edited on 21 February 2021, at 05:38, Family tree of Confucius in the main line of descent, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Confucius Genealogy Compilation Committee, "China Confucianism: Life of Confucius, Influences, Development", "Temple and Cemetery of Confucius and the Kong Family Mansion in Qufu", "Descendants and Portraits of Confucius in the Early Southern Song", "AAS Abstracts: China Session 45: On Sacred Grounds: The Material Culture and Ritual Formation of the Confucian Temple in Late Imperial China", "The Ritual Formation of Confucian Orthodoxy and the Descendants of the Sage (PDF Download Available)", "Quzhou City Guides – China TEFL Network", "Descendants of Confucius in South Korea Seek Roots in Quzhou", "South Korea home to 80,000 descendants of Confucius – People's Daily Online", "China Exclusive: Korean Confucius descendants trace back to ancestor of family tree", "Debra Paget Weds Oilman, Nephew of Madame Chiang", "DNA Testing Adopted to Identify Confucius Descendants", "Study finds single bloodline among self-claimed Confucius descendants", "Confucius Descendants Say DNA Testing Plan Lacks Wisdom", "Confucius Family Tree to Record Female Kin", "Confucius' Family Tree Recorded Biggest", "Confucius family tree revision ends with 2 mln descendants", "DNA test to clear up Confucius confusion", "Updated Confucius family tree has two million members", Multilingual web site on Confucius and the Analects, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Confucius&oldid=1008030518, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2005). L'homme de peu est toujours accablé de soucis. [23] However, Confucius relied solely on diplomacy as he had no military authority himself. 4 oct. 2020 - Découvrez le tableau "Confucius citation" de Michael Rouimy sur Pinterest. [8][9] The area was notionally controlled by the kings of Zhou but effectively independent under the local lords of Lu, who ruled from the nearby city of Qufu. [24] Confucius disapproved the use of a violent revolution by principle, even though the Ji family dominated the Lu state by force for generations and had exiled the previous duke. Confucius's principles have commonality with Chinese tradition and belief.